Photo: Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0
Science · Delhi 1724; Jaipur c. 1728–34

Jantar Mantar observatories

Found
Built by Sawai Jai Singh II of Amber and Jaipur at Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi and Mathura
Kept at
Jaipur, Delhi, Ujjain and Varanasi stand; Mathura’s is gone. Jaipur is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2010

Giant instruments of masonry, built to measure time and the positions of the sun, moon and stars with the naked eye.

What it says

At Jaipur the Vrihat Samrat Yantra, a sundial about 27 m high, throws a shadow that moves across its quadrants fast enough to read local time to about two seconds. Other instruments, the Jai Prakash, Rama Yantra and Rashivalaya, measure altitude, azimuth and the signs of the zodiac. Jai Singh’s astronomers compiled the Zij-i Muhammad Shahi, a set of star tables, from these observations.

What it proves

They carry the siddhanta tradition of Indian astronomy into the 18th century, built in stone by a Rajput king.

Evidence for