Photo: Sanjeeb Das · CC BY-SA 4.0
Saint

Lal Ded (Lalleshwari)

Kashmiri Shaiva yogini and poet of the vakh

1320—1392

c. 1320–c. 1392 CE

Lalla, called Lal Ded (Granny Lal) by Kashmiris, was a Shaiva yogini of the fourteenth century whose short sayings, the vakh, are the oldest poetry in the Kashmiri language. Pandits and Muslims of the valley both still quote her.

01Out of the house at Pampore

Kashmiri tradition places her birth at Pandrethan, the old Puranadhishthana just outside Srinagar, and her marriage into a family at Pampore, where the mother-in-law is remembered for her cruelty. The best-known katha says the mother-in-law hid a stone under the girl’s rice so the plate looked full. Lalla bore it in silence, then left the house to wander as an ascetic. She took instruction from a Shaiva teacher whom the tradition names Siddha Srikantha, and went about the valley singing what she had found within.

02The vakh

A vakh is four lines, spoken more than sung, in the Kashmiri of the street. Lalla’s vakhs carry the teaching of Kashmir Shaivism, Shiva as the one consciousness and the Self as Shiva, into words a farmer’s wife could carry home. She speaks of breath and the inner sound, of the guru’s one word, of finding Shiva in her own body when she stopped searching outside. They were passed down by mouth for centuries before being written down, and Kashmiri Pandits still recite them at home.