The adhyaya opens with the peace verse: that is full, this is full; from the full the full arises, and when the full is taken from the full, the full remains. Devas, men and asuras go to their father Prajapati to learn, and to each he says the single syllable Da. The devas understand damyata, be self-controlled; men, datta, give; the asuras, dayadhvam, be compassionate. The divine voice of thunder repeats it: Da, Da, Da. Then come short meditations: the heart, truth, the person in the sun and the eye, lightning, the fire within, illness as the highest tapas, and the Gayatri. It closes with the dying man's prayer to Pushan to uncover the face of truth and to Agni to lead him by the good path.
That is full; this is full. From the full, the full comes forth. Taking the full from the full, the full alone remains. Om. Brahman is kha, space. The ancient space is the one where the wind blows, said the son of Kauravyayani. This Om is the Veda, the knowledge, so the brahmanas know, for by it one knows all that is to be known.
The three kinds of Prajapati's offspring, the devas, men and asuras, lived as brahmacharis with their father Prajapati. When their study was done, the devas said, "Teach us, revered one." He spoke the single syllable "Da" and asked, "Have you understood?" They said, "We have understood. You told us, damyata, control yourselves." "Om," he said, "you have understood."
atha hainaṃ manuṣyā ūcurbravītu no bhavāniti | tebhyo haitadevākṣaramuvāca da iti | vyajñāsiṣṭā3 iti | vyajñāsiṣmeti hocuḥ | datteti na āttheti | omiti hovāca vyajñāsiṣṭeti
Then the men said to him, "Teach us, revered one." To them he spoke the same syllable "Da" and asked, "Have you understood?" They said, "We have understood. You told us, datta, give." "Om," he said, "you have understood."
atha hainamasurā ūcurbravītu no bhavāniti | tebhyo haitadevākṣaramuvāca da iti | vyajñāsiṣṭā3 iti | vyajñāsiṣmeti hocuḥ | dayadhvamiti na āttheti | omiti hovāca vyajñāsiṣṭeti | tadetadevaiṣā daivī vāganuvadati stanayitnurda da da iti | damyata datta dayadhvamiti | tadetattrayaṃ śikṣeddamaṃ dānaṃ dayāmiti
Then the asuras said to him, "Teach us, revered one." To them too he spoke the syllable "Da" and asked, "Have you understood?" They said, "We have understood. You told us, dayadhvam, be compassionate." "Om," he said, "you have understood." The divine voice of the thunder repeats this very teaching, "Da, da, da": control yourselves, give, be compassionate. One should learn these three, self-control, giving and compassion.
एष प्रजापतिर्यद्धृदयम् । एतद्ब्रह्म । एतत्सर्वम् । तदेतत्त्र्यक्षरं हृदयमिति । हृ इत्येकमक्षरम् । अभिहरन्त्यस्मै स्वाश्चान्ये च य एवं वेद । द इत्येकमक्षरम् । ददत्यस्मै स्वाश्चान्ये च य एवं वेद । यमित्येकमक्षरम् । एति स्वर्गं लोकं य एवं वेद
eṣa prajāpatiryaddhṛdayam | etadbrahma | etatsarvam | tadetattryakṣaraṃ hṛdayamiti | hṛ ityekamakṣaram | abhiharantyasmai svāścānye ca ya evaṃ veda | da ityekamakṣaram | dadatyasmai svāścānye ca ya evaṃ veda | yamityekamakṣaram | eti svargaṃ lokaṃ ya evaṃ veda
The heart is Prajapati. It is Brahman; it is all. The word hridaya has three syllables. Hri is one: to him who knows this, his own people and others bring offerings (abhiharanti). Da is one: to him who knows this, his own people and others give (dadati). Yam is one: he who knows this goes (eti) to the heavenly world.
(hṛdayabrahmaṇaḥ satyamityupāsanāvidhibrāhmaṇam ) tadvai tadetadeva tadāsa | satyameva | sa yo haitaṃ mahadyakṣaṃ prathamajaṃ veda satyaṃ brahmeti jayatīmāṃllokān jita innvasāvasat ya evametanmahadyakṣaṃ prathamajaṃ veda satyaṃ brahmeti | satyaṃ hyeva brahma
That heart was indeed this, it was the Real (satya). Whoever knows this great, adorable being, the first-born, as "Satya is Brahman" conquers these worlds. How could his enemy be anything but conquered and gone, for one who knows this great first-born being as "Satya is Brahman"? For Satya alone is Brahman.
In the beginning this was water alone. The waters brought forth Satya, the Real. Satya brought forth Brahman, Brahman brought forth Prajapati, Prajapati the devas. The devas worship Satya alone. Satya has three syllables, sa, ti and yam. The first and last are truth; the middle is untruth. Untruth is held on both sides by truth, so truth prevails. Untruth does not harm one who knows this.
tadyattatsatyamasau sa ādityaḥ | ya eṣa etasminmaṇḍale puruṣo yaścāyaṃ dakṣiṇe'kṣan puruṣastāvetāvanyo'nyasmin pratiṣṭhitau | raśmibhireṣo'smin pratiṣṭhitaḥ prāṇairayamamuṣmin | sa yadotkramiṣyan bhavati śuddhamevaitanmaṇḍalaṃ paśyati | nainamete raśmayaḥ pratyāyanti
That Satya is the sun yonder. The Purusha in that orb and the Purusha in the right eye rest on each other: the one rests on this through its rays, this one on that through the pranas. When a man is about to depart, he sees that orb clear, and those rays no longer come to him.
ya eṣa etasminmaṇḍale puruṣastasya bhūriti śiraḥ | ekaṃ śira ekametadakṣaram | bhuva iti bāhū | dvau bāhū dve ete akṣare | svariti pratiṣṭhā | dve pratiṣṭhe dve ete akṣare | tasyopaniṣadahariti | hanti pāpmānaṃ jahāti ca ya evaṃ veda
Of the Purusha in the solar orb, bhuh is the head, for there is one head and this is one syllable. Bhuvah is the arms, for there are two arms and two syllables. Svah is the feet, for there are two feet and two syllables. His secret name is ahar, day. He who knows this strikes down (hanti) evil and leaves (jahati) it behind.
yo'yaṃ dakṣiṇe'kṣan puruṣastasya bhūriti śiraḥ | ekaṃ śira ekametadakṣaram | bhuva iti bāhū | dvau bāhū dve ete akṣare | svariti pratiṣṭhā | dve pratiṣṭhe dve ete akṣare | tasyopaniṣadahamiti | hanti pāpmānaṃ jahāti ca ya evaṃ veda
Of the Purusha in the right eye, bhuh is the head, for there is one head and this is one syllable. Bhuvah is the arms, two arms and two syllables. Svah is the feet, two feet and two syllables. His secret name is aham, I. He who knows this strikes down evil and leaves it behind.
This Purusha is made of mind, and his true being is light. He dwells within the heart, small as a grain of rice or barley. Yet he is the lord of all, the ruler of all, and he governs everything there is.
vidyudbrahmetyāhuḥ | vidānādvidyut | vidyatyenaṃ pāpmano ya evaṃ veda vidyudbrahmeti | vidyuddhyeva brahma
They say lightning is Brahman. It is called vidyut because it cuts asunder (vidana). He who knows lightning as Brahman, Brahman cuts him free from evil. For lightning is indeed Brahman.
Let one meditate on speech as a cow. She has four udders: the calls svaha, vashat, hanta and svadha. The devas live on two of them, svaha and vashat; men live on hanta; the pitris, the ancestors, on svadha. Prana is her bull and mind is her calf.
The fire within a person is Agni Vaishvanara, the universal fire, by which the food that is eaten is digested. Its roar is what one hears on closing the ears. When a man is about to depart, he no longer hears this sound.
(सर्वासामुपासनानां गतेः फलस्य च विधायकं ब्राह्मणम् ) यदा वै पुरुषोऽस्माल्लोकात्प्रैति स वायुमागच्छति । तस्मै स तत्र विजिहीते यथा रथचक्रस्य खम् । तेन स ऊर्ध्व आक्रमते । स आदित्यमागच्छति । तस्मै स तत्र विजिहीते । यथा लम्बरस्य खम् । तेन स ऊर्ध्व आक्रमते । स चन्द्रमसमागच्छति । तस्मै स तत्र विजिहीते । यथा दुन्दुभेः खम् । तेन स ऊर्ध्व आक्रमते । स लोकमागच्छत्यशोकमहिमम् । तस्मिन् वसति शाश्वतीः समाः
(sarvāsāmupāsanānāṃ gateḥ phalasya ca vidhāyakaṃ brāhmaṇam ) yadā vai puruṣo'smāllokātpraiti sa vāyumāgacchati | tasmai sa tatra vijihīte yathā rathacakrasya kham | tena sa ūrdhva ākramate | sa ādityamāgacchati | tasmai sa tatra vijihīte | yathā lambarasya kham | tena sa ūrdhva ākramate | sa candramasamāgacchati | tasmai sa tatra vijihīte | yathā dundubheḥ kham | tena sa ūrdhva ākramate | sa lokamāgacchatyaśokamahimam | tasmin vasati śāśvatīḥ samāḥ
When a man departs from this world he reaches the wind. There the wind opens for him a gap like the hole in a chariot wheel, and through it he rises. He reaches the sun, which opens for him a gap like the opening of a lambara drum, and he rises on. He reaches the moon, which opens a gap like the opening of a dundubhi drum, and he rises on. He reaches a world free of sorrow and free of cold, and dwells there for endless years.
etadvai paramaṃ tapo yadvyāhitastapyate | paramaṃ haiva lokaṃ jayati ya evaṃ veda | etadvai paramaṃ tapo yaṃ pretamaraṇyaṃ haranti | paramaṃ haiva lokaṃ jayati ya evaṃ veda | etadvai paramaṃ tapo yaṃ pretamagnāvabhyādadhati | paramaṃ haiva lokaṃ jayati ya evaṃ veda
When a man lies sick and suffers, that is the highest tapas, austerity; he who knows this wins the highest world. When they carry him dead to the forest, that is the highest tapas; he who knows this wins the highest world. When they lay him dead on the fire, that is the highest tapas; he who knows this wins the highest world.
annaṃ brahmetyeka āhuḥ | tanna tathā | pūyati vā annamṛte prāṇāt | prāṇo brahmetyeka āhuḥ | tanna tathā | śuṣyati vai praṇa ṛte'nnāt | ete ha tveva devate ekadhābhūyaṃ bhūtvā paramatāṃ gacchataḥ | taddha smāha prātṛdaḥ pitaram | kiṃ svidevaivaṃ viduṣe sādhu kuryāṃ kimevāsmā asādhu kuryāmiti | sa ha smāha pāṇinā mā prātṛda | kastvenayorekadhābhūyaṃ bhūtvā paramatāṃ gacchatīti | tasmā u haitaduvāca vīti | annaṃ vai vi | anne hīmāni sarvāṇi bhūtāni viṣṭāni | ramiti | prāṇo vai ram | prāṇe hīmāni sarvāṇi bhūtāni ramante | sarvāṇi ha vā asmin bhūtāni viśanti | sarvāṇi bhūtāni ramante ya evaṃ veda
Some say food is Brahman. Not so, for food rots without prana. Some say prana is Brahman. Not so, for prana withers without food. Only when the two become one do they reach the highest. Pratrida asked his father, "What good or harm could I do to one who knows this?" His father waved his hand: "No, Pratrida. Who reaches the highest just by their union?" Then he taught him: vi is food, for all beings enter (vishta) food; ram is prana, for all beings rejoice (ramante) in prana. All beings enter him and rejoice in him who knows this.
(प्राणोपासनाब्राह्मणम्) उक्थम् । प्राणो वा उक्थम् । प्राणो हीदं सर्वमुत्थापयति । उद्धस्मादुक्थविद्वीरस्तिष्ठति । उक्थस्य सायुज्यं सलोकतां जयति य एवं वेद
(prāṇopāsanābrāhmaṇam) uktham | prāṇo vā uktham | prāṇo hīdaṃ sarvamutthāpayati | uddhasmādukthavidvīrastiṣṭhati | ukthasya sāyujyaṃ salokatāṃ jayati ya evaṃ veda
The uktha, the recited hymn: prana is the uktha, for prana raises up (utthapayati) all this. From him who knows this a heroic son rises up, one who knows the uktha. He wins union with the uktha and a place in its world.
yajuḥ | prāṇo vai yajuḥ | prāṇe hīmāni sarvāṇi bhūtāni yujyante | yujyante hāsmai sarvāṇi bhūtāni śraiṣṭhyāya | yajuṣaḥ sāyujyaṃ salokatāṃ jayati ya evaṃ veda
The yajus, the sacrificial formula: prana is the yajus, for in prana all beings are joined (yujyante). All beings join with him who knows this to make him foremost. He wins union with the yajus and a place in its world.
sāma | prāṇo vai sāma | prāṇe hīmāni sarvāṇi bhūtāni samyañci | samyañci hāsmai sarvāṇi bhūtāni śraiṣṭhyāya kalpante | sāmnaḥ sāyujyaṃ salokatāṃ jayati ya evaṃ veda
The saman, the chant: prana is the saman, for in prana all beings come together (samyanchi). All beings come together for the preeminence of him who knows this. He wins union with the saman and a place in its world.
kṣatram | prāṇo vai kṣatram | prāṇo hi vai kṣatram | trāyate hainaṃ prāṇaḥ kṣaṇitoḥ | pra kṣatramatramāpnoti | kṣatrasya sāyujyaṃ salokatāṃ jayati ya evaṃ veda
The kshatra, ruling power: prana is the kshatra, for prana protects (trayate) the body from wounds (kshanitoh). He who knows this attains a kshatra that needs no other protector. He wins union with the kshatra and a place in its world.
(gāyatrabrahmopāsanābrāhmaṇam ) bhūmirantarikṣaṃ dyaurityaṣṭāvakṣarāṇi | aṣṭākṣaraṃ ha vā ekaṃ gāyatryai padam | etadu haivāsyā etat | sa yāvadeṣu triṣu lokeṣu tāvaddha jayati yo'syā etadevaṃ padaṃ veda
Bhumi, antariksha, dyauh, earth, sky and heaven, make eight syllables, and one foot of the Gayatri has eight syllables. So these three worlds are that foot of hers. He who knows this foot of the Gayatri wins as far as these three worlds reach.
ṛco yajūṣi sāmānītyaṣṭāvakṣarāṇi | aṣṭākṣaraṃ ha vā ekaṃ gāyatryai padam | etadu haivāsyā etat | sa yāvatīyaṃ trayī vidyā tāvaddha jayati yo'syā etadevaṃ padaṃ veda
Richah, yajumshi, samani, the verses, formulas and chants, make eight syllables, and one foot of the Gayatri has eight syllables. So the threefold Veda is that foot of hers. He who knows this foot wins as much as the threefold knowledge holds.
Prana, apana, vyana make eight syllables, and that is the third foot of the Gayatri. He who knows it wins all that breathes. Her fourth foot is the visible one, beyond all dust, the sun that shines yonder. Turiya means the fourth. It is called visible because it is, as it were, seen, and beyond dust because it shines above all that is dusty. He who knows this foot of hers shines likewise with glory and fame.
This Gayatri rests on that fourth, visible foot beyond the dust. That rests on truth, and the eye is truth: if two men come disputing, one saying "I saw" and the other "I heard," we trust the one who saw. Truth rests on strength, and strength is prana; so it is said strength is mightier than truth. Thus the Gayatri rests on the inner self. She protects the gayas, the vital breaths, and from protecting (tatre) the gayas she is called Gayatri. The Savitri verse a teacher recites to a pupil is this very Gayatri, and it protects the pupil's pranas.
तां हैतामेके सावित्रीमनुष्टुभमन्वाहुः । वागनुष्टुप् । एतद्वाचमनुब्रूम इति । न तथा कुर्यात् । गायत्रीमेव सावित्रीमानुब्रूयात् । यदि ह वा अप्येवंविद्बह्विव प्रतिगृह्णाति न हैव तद्गायत्र्या एकं चन पदं प्रति
tāṃ haitāmeke sāvitrīmanuṣṭubhamanvāhuḥ | vāganuṣṭup | etadvācamanubrūma iti | na tathā kuryāt | gāyatrīmeva sāvitrīmānubrūyāt | yadi ha vā apyevaṃvidbahviva pratigṛhṇāti na haiva tadgāyatryā ekaṃ cana padaṃ prati
Some teach the Savitri in the anushtubh metre, saying speech is the anushtubh and they teach speech. One should not do so; one should teach the Savitri in the Gayatri metre. Even if one who knows this accepts very many gifts, it is not equal to even one foot of the Gayatri.
sa ya imāṃstrīṃllokān pūrṇān pratigṛhṇīyātso'syā etatprathamaṃ padamāpnuyāt | atha yāvatīyaṃ trayī vidyā yastāvatpratigṛhṇīyātso'syā etaddvitīyaṃ padamāpnuyāt | atha yāvadidaṃ prāṇi yastāvatpratigṛhṇīyātso'syā etattṛtīyaṃ padamāpnuyāt | athāsyā etadeva turīyaṃ darśataṃ padaṃ parorajā ya eṣa tapati | naiva kena canāpyam | kuta u etāvatpratigṛhṇīyāt
If one were to receive these three worlds full of wealth, that would match only her first foot. If one were to receive as much as the threefold Veda holds, that would match her second foot. If one were to receive as much as all that breathes, that would match her third foot. But her fourth, visible foot beyond the dust, the shining sun, no one can ever obtain. How could anyone receive so much?
Her worship: "O Gayatri, you are one-footed, two-footed, three-footed and four-footed. You are footless, for you are not reached. Salutation to your fourth, visible foot beyond the dust." If one bears ill will to someone, he may add, "May he not gain that," or "May his wish not prosper," and the wish of one against whom she is so invoked does not prosper. Or he may say, "May I gain that."
Janaka of Videha once said to Budila Ashvatarashvi, "You called yourself a knower of the Gayatri. Then why have you become an elephant and carry burdens?" He replied, "Great king, I did not know her mouth." Fire is her mouth. However much fuel is laid on fire, it burns it all. Likewise one who knows this, though he commits much wrong, consumes it all and becomes pure, clean, ageless and immortal.
The face of the Real is hidden by a golden vessel. O Pushan, uncover it, so that I who hold to truth may see. O Pushan, lone seer, Yama, Surya, son of Prajapati, spread apart your rays and gather your light. I see your most blessed form; the Purusha yonder, I am he. Let my breath go to the immortal wind, and let this body end in ashes. Om. Mind, remember, remember what was done. Agni, lead us by the good path to the true wealth, O deva who knows every way. Keep from us the crooked sin. We offer you our fullest salutation.